Cirrhilabrus species, commonly known
as fairy wrasses throughout the hobby, these popular fish
are some of the gaudiest colored marine fish. In addition
to the extraordinary coloration of these fish, their personality
is generally outgoing. These two elements, combined with their
relatively small size, create highly sought after fish. In
some instances, these fish have been referred to as the "holy
grail" of marine ornamentals. But is this fish right
for every aquarium? In the first column of "Fish Tales"
for 2003, I'm going to explore Cirrhilabrus wrasses
in depth, and hopefully help you decide if these fish are
right for you, and if so, which one to choose.
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Front
view of a male Cirrhilabrus scottorum. Photo
courtesy of Greg Rothschild.
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Meet the Family
Cirrhilabrus is one of 60 genera
within the Family Labridae, one of the largest reef fish families
which comprises over 500 species and is second only to Gobiidae
in total number of species. All wrasses, with the exception
of Conniella apterygial, swim with their pectoral fins
(Michael, 1998).
The genus Cirrhilabrus was originally
erected by Temminck in 1850 with the description of Cirrhilabrus
temmincki. In 1853 Bleeker described Cirrhilabrus solorensis.
In 1957 Norman revised Cirrhilabrus and it contained
two species, C. cyanopleura and C. temminckii.
He regarded Cirrhilabrus solorensis as a synonym of
C. cyanopleura and corrected the spelling of C.
temmincki to C. temminkii. However, he neglected
to include Cirrhilabrus jordani. Through the years
numerous additional species have been identified as our knowledge
of the genus has steadily grown. The 1980's proved to be the
most exciting decade for the fans of these fish as 14 new
species were described throughout that decade. Cirrhilabrus
solorensis has been a confusing species to ichthyologists
and currently is a member of the recognized 40 described species
(Randall, pers. comm.) (see chart). Although it was the second
Cirrhilabrus described, most researchers have regarded
this species as a synonym to Cirrhilabrus solorensis.
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A
pair of Cirrhilabrus jordani rest after a stressful
journey to the local fish store. The male is on the
right and the female on the left. Photo courtesy of
Greg Rothschild.
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All species of Cirrhilabrus are
characterized by having three pairs of prominent canine teeth
on the upper-front jaw and one pair of projecting canine teeth
on the lower-front jaw. Small conical teeth wrap the sides
of the jaw leading back to large and recurved teeth in the
rear three pairs (Springer & Randall, 1974). These teeth
aid the fish in capturing, grasping, and pulverizing its primary
food source - zooplankton.
The fairy wrasses share a unique eye with
four closely related genera: Paracheilinus, Psuedocheilinus,
Pseudocheilinops, and Pteragagus. The eye's
cornea is divided into two segments, essentially forming a
double pupil. It is believed that the center pupil is a close-up
lens of sorts, enabling the fish to have a magnified view
of their small prey (Baensch, 1994).
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A
nice close-up of the "double pupil" found
in Cirrhilabrus sp. This particular fish is
a male Cirrhilabrus scottorum. Photo courtesy
of Greg Rothschild.
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All Cirrhilabrus also have an interrupted
lateral line and soft rays numbering 9 dorsal, 9 anal, 15
pectoral, 5 pelvic, 11 caudal rays, and 5 branchiostegal rays.
Fin spines number 11 dorsal, 3 anal, and one pelvic (Springer
& Randall, 1974). A fleshy cirrus is tipped on each of
the dorsal and anal spines (Randall & Shen, 1978). Lastly,
all Cirrhilabrus spp. are sexually dimorphic and dichromatic.
°
Cirrhilabrus
|
§adnoratus
§aurantidorsalis
§balteatus
§bathyphilus
§blatteus
§claire
§condei
§cyanopleura
§earlei
§exquisitus
§filamentosus
§flavianalis
§flavidorsalis
§johnsoni
§jordani
§katherinae
§katoi
§laboutei
§lanceolatus
§lineatus
§lubbocki
§lunatus
§luteovittatus
§melanomarginatus
§piscilineatus
§punctatus
§pylei
§rhomboidalis
§roseafascia
§rubrimarginatus
§rubripinnis
§rubrisquamis
§rubriventralis
§sanguineus
§scottorum
§sanguineus
§solorensis
§temminckii
§tonozukai
§walindi
§walshi |
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In the Wild
Fairy wrasses are found throughout tropical
Indo-Pacific shallow waters swimming two to eight feet above
sand or rocky substrata. Most fairy wrasses can be found in
depths ranging from 10 - 75 feet, although some can be found
deeper than 150 feet. These fish are easily frightened and
hide within nearby coral or rockwork until the threat has
left the area. They are diurnally active and sleep at night
pinned within rockwork, protected by a mucus cocoon which
they secrete around themselves. A similar cocoon in Parrotfish
was demonstrated to protect the sleeping fish by masking its
scent from the sensitive olfactory nerves of nocturnal predators.
It is presumed that the cocoon performs the same function
for Cirrhilabrus.
Generally, these fishes form aggregations
of one dominant male and several (or more) females, and they
spend the better part of their day feeding on zooplankton.
The males are always larger and more colorful than the females
and will flash or display more vibrant colors during courtship.
In all Cirrhilabrus species the male is a different
color than the female. This two phase coloration is called
"dichromatic." In some cases coloration varies within
the species from location to location. This is most pronounced
in Cirrhilabrus temminckii, with up to three color
variations (Randall, 1992). In time these may prove to be
separate species, but they are currently regarded as simple
color variations.
No small males have been found; thus, it
is presumed that all male Cirrhilabrus spp. are "secondary
males," that is, a male resulting from a female that
has undergone a sex change, also known as a "protogynous
hermaphrodite" (Randall & Kuiter, 1989). The largest
and most dominant females will change into a male when the
social order dictates the need for a male. Some events that
may trigger this conversion include, but are not limited to,
death or capture of the previous male.
Spawning can take place in several ways.
The primary mating ritual begins with the dominant male of
the territory swimming through his harem of females. As he
swims through the harem, he will begin to "flash"
his colors. Generally, these colors are metallic-like, usually
in shades of light blue, violet, or purple. The male will
then select a gravid female and make a charge at her. Presumably,
this signifies to the female that she has been selected. The
male will first take part in a single loop by himself, and
then is followed through the second loop with the selected
female. At the highest point of their ascent they release
the gametes. The non-territorial dominant males may perform
another type of spawning. Referred to as "streak spawning,"
these males will dash into the mating ritual of another pair
just as the pair release their gametes. This second male will
also release his sperm at this time.
In the Home Aquarium
Fairy wrasses can do extremely well in
home aquaria, provided a few requirements are met. First and
foremost, the aquarium canopy must be completely enclosed.
Fairy wrasses are accomplished jumpers in a home aquarium,
and any uncovered aquarium is not well suited to housing one.
They do not jump out of the water when in nature, but this
is because they normally would have ten feet or more of water
as a buffer against going airborne. In the home aquarium they
are not afforded this luxury. They can frighten very easily,
with some species being more prone to this than others. I
have owned a C. scottorum that would leap out of the
water every time I walked around the aquarium too quickly
and surprised it. The tank was completely enclosed, but the
fish would sound like a pinball bouncing off of the VHO lights,
and land safely back into the water. If you already have a
canopy for the aquarium, you should be able to easily affix
lighting egg crate to the backside to enclose the canopy.
If your new fairy wrasse is small enough to fit through the
holes of the egg crate, it may be best to line one side of
it with a net or screen. For aquarists with an open top aquarium,
I recommend that they avoid this genus entirely, as it is
most likely the Cirrhilabrus will meet an untimely
death when it leaps from the aquarium.
The next consideration would be tank size
and decoration. All of the fairy wrasses stay small, but they
are also very active fish. I recommend a minimum tank length
of four feet. Naturally, the larger the aquarium, the better
the fish will be. Mixing fairy wrasses can be done but is
best attempted in a larger aquarium. A 55-gallon should be
reserved for only one species of fairy wrasse. If the aquarium
is too small, the fish may not mix well, and thus they should
be separated. Aquariums in the size range of 300 gallons or
more can safely mix several species of fairy wrasses. As a
general rule, never mix two males of the same species. The
tank should contain plenty of live rock, and provide plenty
of hiding places. Wrasses want to have somewhere to get away
from other tank mates. However, they will spend the vast majority
of their time cruising around the tank, always in search of
food.
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An
unknown species of Cirrhilabrus, most likely
a color variant of Cirrhilabrus solorensis. Photo
courtesy of Greg Rothschild.
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Another important consideration would be
the food you should feed the fairy wrasses. Generally, fairy
wrasses will eventually learn to accept most any food offered.
Even though they are zooplanktivores, I have seen them accept
dried Nori, presumably learning this from the surgeonfish
in the tank. In the beginning, however, they can be choosy
eaters. Enriched brine can be used as a first food offered,
as well as Mysis or plankton. Usually, a healthy Cirrhilabrus
will consume these foods within a day or two of arriving into
your aquarium. These foods can remain the staple of their
diet, but they will eventually accept any of the other various
frozen, freeze-dried, or flake foods on the market. In most
situations, your fairy wrasse will supplement its diet by
eating the fauna on live rock. Use caution when mixing this
fish with other benthic predatory fish in smaller aquariums
since they will compete with each other for food.
The last consideration would be tank mates.
Fairy wrasses typically get along well with most fish. Only
rarely will they directly attack another fish. Noted exceptions
would be small Labrids added after the larger fairy wrasse
is well established. They do have downfalls, however. Active
fish such as surgeonfish or large angels are likely to easily
startle a fairy wrasse when they dart across the aquarium.
Fairy wrasses are also active feeders, so even though they
shouldn't pester other passive inhabitants, it is possible
they may out compete them for food. Lastly, the order of addition
of these fish into the aquarium should be carefully considered.
Fairy wrasses should be added before larger, or more active
or aggressive fish. However, when mixing with smaller, less
aggressive fish, add the fairy wrasses last. Fairy wrasses
will not bother corals of any variety, nor most invertebrates.
Smaller ornamental shrimp might become food if added after
the wrasse is well acclimated, especially if the fish is a
larger adult. My C. scottorum made quick work of several
Lysmata wurdemanni that were added after the wrasse
was settled into the tank. If the cleaner shrimp are present
before the addition of the wrasse, then success in keeping
both in the same tank is much more likely.
Compatibility
chart for members of the genus Cirrhilabrus:
Fish
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Will Co-Exist
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May Co-Exist
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Will Not Co-Exist
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Notes
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Angels, Dwarf
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X
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Angels, Large
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X
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Add the Cirrhilabrus first. Cover the aquarium!
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Anthias
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Assessors
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X
|
|
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Add the Assessor first. Should be great tank
mates.
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Basses
|
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X
|
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Some basses are very aggressive fish.
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Batfish
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Blennies
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Boxfishes
|
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X
|
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Should mix well in larger aquariums; not for smaller
tanks.
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Butterflies
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X
|
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Add the Cirrhilabrus first. Should be great
tank mates.
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Cardinals
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Catfish
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Comet
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X
|
|
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Add the Comet first. Should be great tank mates.
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Cowfish
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Damsels
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X
|
|
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Add the Cirrhilabrus first. Should be great
tank mates.
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Dottybacks
|
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X
|
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Add the Cirrhilabrus first. Some dottybacks
might be too aggressive.
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Dragonets
|
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X
|
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Cirrhilabrus may compete with dragonets for
food.
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Drums
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Eels
|
|
X
|
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Some eels will be good tank mates. Avoid the aggressive
eels.
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Filefish
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Frogfish
|
|
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X
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Frogfish will try to consume Cirrhilabrus.
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Goatfish
|
|
X
|
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Some Goatfish get large enough to consume Cirrhilabrus
spp.
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Gobies
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Grammas
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Groupers
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|
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X
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Groupers can consume fairy wrasses.
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Hamlets
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Hawkfish
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X
|
|
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Add the Cirrhilabrus first. Should be great
tank mates.
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Jawfish
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Lionfish
|
|
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X
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Lionfish may consume smaller fairy wrasses.
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Parrotfish
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X
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Some species may squabble with each other.
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Pineapple Fish
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Pipefish
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|
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X
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Pipefish are best suited to a species aquarium.
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Puffers
|
|
X
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Some Puffers might be too aggressive.
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Rabbitfish
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Sand Perches
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X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Scorpionfish
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|
|
X
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Scorpionfish will consume fairy wrasses.
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Seahorses
|
|
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X
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Cirrhilabrus will out compete the seahorse for
food.
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Snappers
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|
X
|
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May consume Cirrhilabrus.
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Soapfishes
|
X
|
|
|
Should be great tank mates.
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Soldierfish
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X
|
|
|
Should be great tank mates.
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Spinecheeks
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X
|
|
|
Should be great tank mates.
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Squirrelfish
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X
|
|
|
Should be great tank mates.
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Surgeonfish
|
X
|
|
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Add the Cirrhilabrus first. Should be great
tank mates.
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Sweetlips
|
X
|
|
|
Should be great tank mates.
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Tilefish
|
X
|
|
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Should be great tank mates.
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Toadfish
|
|
|
X
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Toadfish may consume fairy wrasses.
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Triggerfish
|
|
X
|
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Some triggers may be too aggressive.
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Waspfish
|
|
X
|
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Ensure the Cirrhilabrus will not fit into the
mouth of the waspfish.
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Wrasses
|
|
X
|
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Some species may not co-exist.
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Note: While many of the fish listed are
good tank mates for Cirrhilabrus spp. , you
should research each fish individually before adding it to
your aquarium. Some of the fish mentioned are better left
in the ocean, or for advanced aquarists.
Meet the Species
I will start the introduction of species
with one that once was considered the "holy grail"
of fairy wrasses. In recent times its availability has increased
and the fish has become more common. Regardless, Cirrhilabrus
scottorum, or the Scott's wrasse, remains a beautiful
fish. They are most common around The Coral Sea, Fiji, the
Cook Islands, and French Polynesia and can be found ranging
from 10 - 120 feet deep. Groups of three to five females congregate
near the substrate, and the male swims approximately ten feet
over them in the water column. During spawning, it is normal
for this species to release their gametes about two feet above
the substrate. Adult males will reach five inches in length,
but they are known to lose their male coloration in the home
aquarium. This coloration loss is hard to avoid unless an
aquarium large enough to maintain a harem of the species is
provided, and this usually requires about three females. Some
hobbyists claim success using a mirror propped up against
one side of the aquarium; however, if you wish to try this
method, you should bear in mind that constant fighting with
a male rival can be a source of stress and may lead to complications
in the health of the fish.
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A
male Cirrhilabrus scottorum. If the fish begins
to lose the male coloration, the first color to go would
be the red patch in the center. The fish will gradually
take on a blue/green overall coloration - still remaining
a beautiful fish. Photo courtesy of Greg Rothschild.
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The next Cirrhilabrus I'm going
to discuss has just become popular and available in the aquarium
trade in the last couple of years. Cirrhilabrus solorensis,
or the Redheaded fairy wrasse, originates from Indonesia in
slightly shallower water than C. scottorum. Generally,
they cannot be found beyond 60 feet deep. The male will reach
up to five inches long and will protect a small to large group
of females.
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Despite
the darker coloration of the above Cirrhilabrus
solorensis, and the lighter coloration of the C.
solorensis below, both have red eyes. Photos
courtesy of Greg Rothschild.
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One Cirrhilabrus found in Northern
Indo-Pacific waters is C. jordani. It is has a multitude
of common names, including Jordan's wrasse, Hawaiian Fire
wrasse, and Flame wrasse. As one of the common names indicates,
it is found around the Hawaiian Islands, and also Johnston
Atoll. It remains slightly smaller than the two previously
mentioned wrasses, roughly four inches. Also, unlike the two
previous wrasses, this one likes deeper water. It will rarely,
if ever, be located shallower than 60 feet, and is most common
below 90 feet. This greater depth translates into a rougher
acclimation into captivity, and the bright lights employed
on some of today's reef aquariums might be too bright for
this fish. Males have been observed guarding a harem consisting
of just a few females, yet also ranging up to 100 females
(Michael, Coral
Realm).
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Above,
a male Cirrhilabrus jordani shortly after acclimation.
Below, the pair resting on the sandbed with
the female in front. Photos by Greg Rothschild.
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The Yellowfin fairy wrasse lacks some of
brilliant colors of the three previous Cirrhilabrus,
but it remains a beautiful fish in its own right. Its personality,
however, is as equally outgoing as any other Cirrhilabrus.
Cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis is one of the smaller fairies,
not quite reaching four inches. They are imported from Indonesia
and the Philippines and are found in a wide depth range varying
anywhere from two feet to 120 feet deep. It prefers back coves
with rich hard and soft coral growth. Rarely does it venture
above the substrate by more than three feet (Michael, Coral
Realm).
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Cirrhilabrus
flavidorsalis seen in the traditional "tail-walking"
position. Cirrhilabrus will frequently place
their head up high and tail down low. This is done both
to defend a harem from intruding males, and to entice
females into spawning. Photo courtesy of Greg Rothschild.
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The Red-Margined fairy wrasse, Cirrhilabrus
rubrimarginatus, is a highly sought-after, yet rarely
imported, specimen. The lack of importation is likely due
to the depths at which this fish spends the majority of its
time. They primarily reside below 100 feet deep, and have
been found in depths nearing 200 feet. The depth at which
this fish is collected makes it a bad choice for today's brightly
lit SPS aquariums. They are known to aggregate over open rubble
and sand bottoms with small isolated patch reefs. They are
among the largest Cirrhilabrus, approaching six inches
in length. Only Cirrhilabrus melanomarginatus is larger
(Randall, 1992). Specimens that make it to the aquarium trade
are most likely collected from Fiji, though this species is
also found in Tonga and Southern Japan. Males are usually
shades of blue, purple, or red with a broad stroke of yellow
just in front of the red on their tail. Yellow spots fade
to pink as they stretch from the head back to the tail. Below
is a picture of a drab (when compared to the male) female.
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Cirrhilabrus
rubrimarginatus in a home aquarium. Photo courtesy
of Greg Rothschild.
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Not terribly common in the hobby, but still
beautiful, is the Yellow Streaked fairy wrasse, Cirrhilabrus
luteovittatus. It can be found ranging from 25 - 125 feet
deep, usually in reef lagoons in the Marshall Islands, the
Philippines, and Johnston Atoll. It generally will be found
in small aggregations feeding on zooplankton, and it can be
kept in small aggregations in larger aquariums.
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Cirrhilabrus
luteovittatus in a home aquarium. Photo courtesy
of Joe Burger.
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The best fairy wrasse candidate for smaller
aquariums is the Lubbock's fairy wrasse, Cirrhilabrus lubbocki.
It barely reaches three inches in length and can be found
in small aggregations with like species and other Cirrhilabrus
spp., as well as Flasher Wrasses (Paracheilinus spp.).
Because of its small size and likelihood to school, Lubbock's
wrasses make a great schooling fish. Placing three adults
into a 75-gallon aquarium can make for a nice display. In
the wild, Lubbock's are distributed from Indonesia to the
Philippines, and are found in 15 - 125 feet of water.
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A
female Cirrhilabrus pylie. Photo courtesy of
Ahmet Emre.
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Cirrhilabrus pylei rarely shows
up in the aquarium trade, largely due to the depths at which
it is reported from - roughly 250 feet. They are found around
the Philipines and New Guinea. Males will be mostly red overall
with a black stripe running the length of the fish just below
the dorsal fin, some violet in the face, and pelvic fins that
extend all the way back to the middle of the anal fin. They
are among the smaller fairy wrasses, not quite reaching four
inches.
Quite possibly the rarest of all fairy
wrasses is the Rhomboid fairy wrasse, or Cirrhilabrus rhomboidalis.
Known only from depths in excess of 125 feet in the Marshall
Islands, the hobbyist who acquires this one has paid handsomely.
It is another of the smaller Cirrhilabrus, not quite
reaching five inches.
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It
is understandable why some hobbyists will shell out
$200 USD to own one of these beauties. Cirrhilabrus
rhomboidalis in a home aquarium. Photo courtesy
of Michael G. Moye.
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The "crown jewel" of fairy wrasses
and most likely the wrasse people are discussing when they
mention the "holy grail" of wrasses is Cirrhilabrus
lineatus, or the Lined fairy wrasse. It is most commonly
found deeper than 100 feet along the Great Barrier Reef on
the outer reef slopes. Even though it is imported more so
than Cirrhilabrus rhomboidalis, it is equally highly
priced and more sought after. It is of an average size for
fairy wrasses, not quite reaching five inches. As the species
name may imply to some, lineatus comes from the Latin
word linea, meaning line (Randall & Lubbock, 1982).
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A
male Cirrhilabrus lineatus displaying in a home
aquarium. Photo courtesy of Nico Tao.
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In Conclusion
I hope you enjoyed this look into the remarkably
beautiful fish in the genus Cirrhilabrus. Due to their
small size, they can easily fit into the common four feet
long 55 or 75-gallon aquariums. Since they exhibit fascinating
colors, they can easily become the feature, or "show"
fish in these smaller aquariums. However, the hobbyist needs
to heed caution when mixing this fish into aquariums already
containing other fish. They do not always mix well with more
aggressive fish. Likewise, make sure their foraging habits
will not compete with other tank mates for food. Lastly, above
all else, make sure the aquarium is covered.
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